Overview

Deposit type

• Intrusion related

Summary:

The Australian Vanadium Project deposit is a sequence of magnetite rich units that host vanadium and titanium within the Lady Alma Gabbro of the Meeline Suite that is a large differentiated intrusive mafic – ultramafic sill that is 18km long and up to 3km wide.

In the hangingwall and footwall units, oxidation surfaces are modelled using these criteria:

-Base of Completed Oxidation
o Near complete magnesium depletion above, disregarding some regolith formation of dolomite
o Elevated Loss on Ignition above – related to goethite, carbonate, and sulphate species in the most oxidised portion of the weathering profile
o Magnetic Susceptibility in the bedrock less than 5, often less than 10
o Coinciding as sub-horizontal surface with Ln (magsus/Fe%) values less than -1 in the high grade (‘HG’) domain.

-Top of Fresh (base of partial oxidation)
o Near complete sulphur (as sulphide) depletion above, disregarding some regolith formation of gypsum that is a sulphate mineral
o Magnetic Susceptibility greater than 25, often greater than 50
o Coinciding as sub-horizontal surface with Ln(magsus/Fe%) values greater than 2 in the HG domain.

The mineralisation is hosted in the same geological unit as Windimurra, which is part of the northern Murchison granite greenstone terrane in the northwest Yilgarn Craton. The project lies within the Gabanintha and Porlell Archaean greenstone sequence, specifically the Meeline Suite, oriented approximately NW-SE and is adjacent to the Meekatharra greenstone belt.

Locally the mineralisation is massive or bands of disseminated vanadiferous titano-magnetite hosted within the gabbro. The mineralised package dips moderately to steeply to the west and is capped by Archaean acid volcanics and metasediments. Sheared norite forms the immediate footwall to the massive magnetite layer at the base of the sequence of mineralised units, with leucogabbro extending hundreds of metres to the east. Cross cutting late dolerites trending northeast to northwest cut the deposit in some places, and there are thin cross cutting pegmatite intrusions in the Yarrabubba Block 80 portion, and thin cross cutting quartz diorites in the Gabanintha north portion of the deposit.

The high grade mineralisation ranges in thickness from several metres to up to 20 to 30m in thickness. Low grade units range from 1 – 2 m thick to 20m thick down hole. The bedrock geology is overlain by modern granite derived sandsheet throughout the middle portion of the strike extent, with sub-horizontal deposits of low grade units that are detrital high grade cobbles in sandsheet matrix overlying the western flanks in areas of significant erosion and deposition (largely throughout the middle of the deposit in Blocks 15 to 70).

The oxidized and partially oxidised weathering surface extends 20 to 80m below surface and the magnetite in the completely oxidised zone is usually altered to Martite.

The Australian Vanadium Project’s vanadium mineralisation lies along strike from the Windimurra Vanadium Mine and the oxidised portion of the HG massive magnetite/martite mineralisation outcrops for almost 14km in the company held lease area.

The mineralisation is hosted within altered gabbro and is easy to visually identify by the magnetite/martite content. The main HG unit shows consistent thickness and grade along strike and down dip and has a clearly defined sharp boundary. The lower grade disseminated bands also show good continuity, but their boundaries are occasionally less easy to identify visually as they are more diffuse over a metre or so.

Dimensions
The massive magnetite/martite unit strikes approximately 18 km, with around 15.2 km of that strike included in this Mineral Resource update, including Gabanintha North, Blocks 15 – 70 and Block 80 - Yarrabubba. The HG zone is stratiform and ranges in thickness from less than 10m to over 20m true thickness. The low-grade (‘LG’) domain mineralised units are sub-parallel to the HG zone, and also vary in thickness from less than 10m to over 20m. All of the units dip moderately to steeply towards the southwest, with the exception of two predominantly alluvial units (domains 7 and 8) and a laterite unit (domain 6) which are sub-horizontal with about 10 degrees dip towards the southwest.

All units outcrop at surface in some places, but the LG units are difficult to locate as they are more weathered and have a less prominent surface expression than the HG unit. In Blocks 40 to 70 there is no surface expression, with the bedrock geology covered by a modern sandsheet unit that averages 10m thick. Gabanintha North, Block 20 and 30 and Yarrabubba Block 80 have moderate to significant surface outcrop of the HG unit. The HG and LG units are currently interpreted to have a depth extent of at least approximately 300m below surface based on the deepest holes, with the 3D magnetics inversion model implying a much deeper extent. Mineralisation is currently open to the south of Yarrabubba Block 80 and at depth.

Mining Methods

• Truck & Shovel / Loader

Summary:

The mining method selected is a conventional open pit truck and shovel approach. It is assumed that all material to be mined will require blasting to some degree, with reduced powder factors used for the weathered zones. Ore and surrounding waste are assumed to be blasted on 5 metre bench heights and mined in 2.5 metre high flitches using a backhoe excavator. Bulk waste will be blasted at 10m heights. Pit ramps are designed at a 10% gradient and 31 m wide, except for lower pit levels where the ramp reduces to 16 m wide. This will be adequate for haul trucks of up to a 150 tonne payload to be utilised.

Mining at the Project will be from a series of open pits that extends for 7,250m along strike, consisting of a large pit in the north with a length of approximately 3,000m, and then two smaller pits to the south of approximately 1,300m in length. There are two mining areas that have been defined by Inferred material and therefore do not form part of the Ore Reserve but are included at the end of the mine plan. This comprises a pushback to the southern Reserve pit and a small standalone pit between the central and southern Reserve pits. A small amount of Indicated material (<200kt) within the “Inferred” pits has been classified as Inferred material for the purposes of reporting.

The mining sequence is primarily driven by the requirement to maintain a consistent blend of weathered and fresh ore types to the processing plant. Mining commences in the southern pits due to fresh ore being closer to surface, which allows the required blend to be attained sooner. Each southern pit is divided into a low strip starter stage and a subsequent internal and/or pushback stages to further expedite the early access to high recovery fresh ore. The northern pit is divided in a total of five stages, to balance strip ratio and access ore quickly. A relationship between magnetic susceptibility and iron grade has been established to control the delivery of acceptable material to the CMB plant (i.e., recovery and deleterious contaminants) to ensure consistent plant performance.

Ore will be hauled from the pits either directly to the run-of-mine (ROM) pad, or to long-term stockpiles to facilitate the required blend to the CMB plant over the course of the mine life. The longterm stockpiles are predominantly low recovery and/or low mass yield ore and Inferred Resources. Mine waste rock will be hauled to three main storage facilities to the northwest, east and southeast of the open pit area. The sub-grade ore, including the banded and disseminated ore zones, are classified as waste for the purposes of the BFS. However, it is also assumed this material will be placed in demarcated areas of the waste rock storage facilities so that it can be identified and recovered in the future should it become economic to do so.

This pre-production mining is required to provide:
• material and time for the construction of the ROM Pad;
• material and time for the construction of mine haul roads;
• material and time for the construction of the first lift of the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF);
• sufficient ore on stockpile to allow for the targeted blend to be met from start-up.

The rate of mining averages approximately 12.6 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) for the first 5 years of the Project. Through Year 6 to Year 9 it increases to an average of approximately 20.3 Mtpa, before reducing to 16.0 Mtpa in Year 10 and then steadily reducing through to the end of the mine life in Year 24. This is followed by approximately 2 years of processing from stockpiled material.

Two excavators working on double shift will be utilised for the duration of the mine life, to ensure sufficient material blending can be maintained from the working faces. It is assumed that all material to be mined will require blasting to some degree, with reduced powder factors used for the weathered zones. Ore and surrounding waste are assumed to be blasted on 5 metre bench heights and mined in 2.5 metre high flitches. Bulk waste will be blasted at 10m bench heights.

A Life of Mine (LOM) production schedule was created for the Project. It is in monthly periods for the pre-production period and the first two years of production. Quarters were then used from Year 3 to Year 5 and then annual periods to the end of LOM. Mining occurs over 24 years with Years 25 and 26 feeding from long-term stockpiles.

Ore is classified as:
• V2O5 = 0.7% – this value is higher than the economic breakeven cut-off for the deposit and was utilised in consideration of the metallurgical uncertainty around mass recovery and concentrate quality for vanadium grades less than this value.
• Mineralised Domain 10 and 2 – on the basis that the majority of the metallurgical test work has been carried out in these zones.

Mine plan utilises the lower strip ratio southern pits to reduce total mining requirements in the early years to maximise the economics. However, the requirement to blend feed to the process plant to maintain a relatively consistent concentrate production rate requires that multiple mining areas are open. Hence the strip ratio increases through Year 6 to Year 8 as the high strip ratio pits come on line.

Low recovery and/or low mass yield ore and Inferred material is stockpiled adjacent to the ROM pad and rehandled to the plant as required. Inferred material is mined over the entire mine life, but is only fed to the plant from Year 19.

Mine waste is dumped to Waste Storage Facilities (WSF) to the east and north-west of the pits. The north-west WSF is adjacent to the tailings storage facility (TSF). As such, waste trucked here will provide construction material for the TSF and will become an integrated landform with this facility at mine closure.

The sub-grade and mineralised waste resources are currently treated as waste material and stored within the WSF. It is assumed that operationally this material will be identified and stockpiled within discrete parts of the WSF.

The maximum design capacity of the CMB circuit is 1.6 Mtpa but the actual feed rate will be variable as it depends on the overall mass yield of the feed blend. The output is targeted to a maximum of 900,000 tonnes (dry basis) of concentrate. Input of ore is greater when lower and medium recovery ore is processed and mined, and less when higher recovery material is processed. As the ramp-up potential in the CMB circuit is greater than the ramp-up in the down-stream processing plant, there is surplus CMB capacity over the first two years of production. Therefore, lower mass yield material can be fed during this period if required with the processing plant feed ramp-up requirement still being met. The scheduling process targeted a consistent mass yield through the CMB and achieved an average of 57.3% mass yield with year-on-year variation of less than 5% through to Year 21. Year 21 has a high mass yield at 64.3% (hence low CMB feed rate), with the final year (Year 26) having a low of 44.7% mass yield as the final stockpiles are drawn down.

Comminution

Crushers and Mills

Summary:

Crushing, Milling and Beneficiation (CMB)
Ore is stockpiled on the ROM pad as oxide, transitional and fresh material classified from in-pit grade control activities. This allows management of the process feed in terms of oxidation state and vanadium grade. The ore blend is crushed and ground through a conventional jaw crusher and single stage SAG milling circuit. The SAG mill cyclone overflow is fed to the medium intensity magnetic separation (MIMS) circuit, from which the non-magnetic stream is fed to the Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS) unit. Concentrates from MIMS and WHIMS are combined and reground in a ball milling circuit. Reground concentrate reports to the silica reverse flotation circuit where further silica is removed. The final concentrate of nominally 1.39% V2O5 is stockpiled as filter cake prior to being transported via road to the processing plant for vanadium extraction.

Processing

• Pyrometallurgical plant / circuit
• Sulfuric acid (reagent)
• Water leach
• Flotation
• Magnetic separation
• Rotary kiln & Electric furnace
• Roasting

Summary:

The process flowsheet is divided into two sections with mining and concentrating at the Project site near Meekatharra and the refining to V2O5 at the process plant at Tenindewa near Geraldton. These sites are referred to as the Crushing, Milling and Beneficiation plant (CMB) and the Processing Plant respectively.

The metallurgical processes include:
• Beneficiation circuit - crushing, grinding, magnetic separation and reverse flotation to generate a 1.39% V2O5 concentrate;
• Refining circuit - pelletisation, roasting, grinding, water leaching, desilication, ammonium metavanadate (AMV) precipitation, deammoniation and flaking to produce a >98.5% V2O5 vanadium product and a 54-55% iron co product (leached calcine).

Processing Plant
Concentrate is transported to the process plant from the CMB plant by road train where it is fed directly to feed bins or stockpiled. The concentrate is mixed with a binder and soda ash before being homogenised and pelletised. The pellets are fed to the grate kiln, where they undergo a sequence of drying stages and pre-heating followed by roasting in a rotary kiln. The roasted pellets are cooled and quenched, with off-gasses directed back to the preheating sections of the kiln. The pellets are partially broken in the quench mill, which aids subsequent water leaching in a rotating drum.

The slurry is filtered, with the pregnant leach solution (PLS) directed to the precipitation circuit and the solids to the heap-wash pads. The precipitation circuit includes a desilication section, where dissolved silica is removed, followed by the precipitation section, where vanadium is recovered from the PLS as ammonium metavanadate. The final stages are de-ammoniation and fusion, where the ammonium metavanadate is converted into vanadium pentoxide flakes for packaging and transport to market.

The semi-leached FeTi coproduct is then stacked and washed on lined pads to extract remaining soluble vanadium. This leachate is returned to the leach circuit and the clean FeTi coproduct is loaded onto road trains for transport to port.

Water Supply

Summary:

The processing plant will require a low salinity water resource for processing the concentrate. It is estimated that 1.2 Gl/year (i.e., 38.0 l/s) of brackish groundwater will be required to produce 0.8 Gl of low salinity water via a reverse osmosis plant.

Production

Operational metrics

Personnel

Job Title	Name	Profile	Ref. Date
CEO	Graham Arvidson		Dec 17, 2024
Chief Operating Officer	Todd Richardson		Dec 17, 2024
Consultant - Recovery Methods	Brian McNab		Apr 6, 2022
Technical Services Manager	Nigel Dilkes		Dec 17, 2024