Kusasalethu is situated in the West Wits Basin and mines the Ventersdorp Contact Reef as its main ore body. The Ventersdorp Contact Reef rests uncomformably on the quartzites of the Witwatersrand Supergroup.

These Witwatersrand quartzites belong to the Mondeor Formation in the western part of the lease area and the Elsburgs Quartzite Formation in the eastern part of the lease area. The unconformity angle becomes more perceptible towards the east. The Ventersdorp Contact Reef has an average dip of 25 degrees to the southeast and an average strike of N72 degrees east.

The Ventersdorp Contact Reef is generally a clast-supported conglomerate of small sub angular to sub-rounded milky and smoky (60:40 respectively) quartz pebbles. The matrix is dark grey and medium-grained and comprises mostly quartzite, separating the two units as internal quartzites. It is mineralised by some pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and, in rare instances, by some carbon flyspecks. Sometimes there are changes to the reef appearance in the form of thickness and, to some degree, elimination. These changes are brought about by either erosion (lava erosion channels – lava appearing at different elevations, with resultant undulations of the reef), or flat faulting (as evidenced by the presence of mylonite at the top contact of the reef).

The Elsburgs conglomerates are found on the western side of Kusasalethu, forming the footwall to the Ventersdorp Contact Reef. The Elsburgs are part of the Turffontein Supergroup. It is a predominantly polymictic matrix supported conglomerate of well-packed and moderately sorted, sub-rounded smoky (80%), black/grey (15%) quartz pebbles, chert (3%) and some elongated shale pebbles (2%). The matrix is pale yellow to light green and medium grained, also, pyritic in places.

The Ventersdorp Contact Reef is overlain by the Ventersdorp Lava. The lava belongs to the Ventersdorp Supergroup. It is light to midgrey in colour and fine crystalline, seldom containing phenocrysts. In places it is amygdaloidal with quartz and pyrite mineralisation. Flow structures are also present at the base of the lava. It breaks into very angular fragments due to weak jointing and the flow banding – it would appear to be andesitic in composition.

The mine comprises twin vertical and twin sub-vertical shaft systems, and uses conventional mining methods in a sequential grid layout. Mining is conducted to a depth of 3 388m and is Harmony’s deepest mine. [OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE 2019 P.23]

The 10m-diameter rock/ventilation shaft was initially sunk to 2 195m and the man/material shaft to 2 127m. By June 1984, a 10m-diameter sub-vertical rock/service shaft had been completed to a depth of 3 048m and a 7m-diameter sub-vertical ventilation shaft to a depth of 3 048m. Both shafts were deepened to a final depth below surface of 3 318m and 3 388m respectively as part of the deepening project to extract the higher-grade pay shoot towards the west of the mine. In December 2014, a decision was taken to suspend operations in the old portion of Kusasalethu and to restructure the mine. Subsequently, mining above 98 level ceased.

Mining is by means of sequential grids with regional dip stabilising pillars, backfill and pre-conditioning to offset the effects of mining at this depth. Mining is conducted over five levels from 98 level to 113 level. Large geological structures are stabilised by means of clamping pillars.

Ore mined is processed on site at the Kusasalethu gold plant. Gold is extracted by means of milling, cyanide leaching, carbonin- pulp concentration and electrowinning to absorb the carbon to produce doré. [MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINERAL RESERVES. 2019 P. 57]

Ore Reception Run of Mine (ROM) is conveyed from underground to the stock pile facility of 28 000 tons capacity. The stock pile material feeds to the three parallel silo bins of 2550 tons live storage capacity, from which ore is drawn from each silo to be taken to the three parallel run of mine mills for grinding to required size. Steel balls are used as grinding media, supplemented by wide range particle size of mill feed. There is a two stage classification for each mill with each primary cyclone overflow combined into a common tank, the secondary cyclone feed tank, for second stage classification by secondary cyclone. The overflow of the secondary cyclone is further screened on a linear screen for the removal of coarse ........