Mineral sands deposits are typically formed as a result of coastal marine sedimentary processes and are found in unconsolidated fossil shorelines up to hundreds of kilometres inland from present coastlines.

A link exists between marine erosion and mineral sand deposits where wave and current action creates conditions in which lighter sand particles are transported more readily than heavier mineral sands particles, creating a build up of mineral sands. Mineral sands are supplied to the coast through rivers draining the hardrock hinterland. The size of mineral sand deposits vary, but are typically 100 or 200 metres wide, 5 to 20 me res thick and 2 to 20 kilometres long.

Most mineral sand deposits were formed between 1.8 and 12 million years ago. During this period immense changes in the sea levels resulted in repeated reworking of sediments deposited by rivers in coastal shorelines. The composition of mineral sand deposits reflects the type of rocks from which the sands containing the heavy minerals derive.

The mineral sands industry consists of two core product streams:
•Titanium dioxide minerals - in the form of rutile, ilmenite and leucoxene. Ilmenite is also used to manufacture titanium slag and synthetic rutile products; and
•Zircon

Mineral sands deposits are characterised by their grade (the percentage of HM found in a deposit) and their assemblage (the relative proportion of valuable HM components of ilmenite, rutile ........

Mining commences with land clearing activity, where any millable timber is harvested, and the rest is used for fencing, firewood or chipped for use in dust suppression or rehabilitation. Topsoil and subsoil is stripped and stockpiled separately from the underlying overburden material.

The inherent seed bank is maintained to prevent potential sterilisation from saline soils. Overburden is removed and stockpiled for replacement at the end of the mine life. In previously mined areas it may be placed in adjacent previously mined pits or voids, or on sand tailings.

Iluka’s operations currently use dry mining techniques. These techniques vary across sites although, in all cases, the ore is deposited into a hopper, usually adjacent to the active mining area. The ore is fed to the hopper by front-end loaders, dozers, self-elevating scrapers, or trucks. Where appropriate, a consistent grade and quality of the mined ore is blended prior to being fed into the hopper.

If scrapers or dozers are being used, ore is mined from the top of the face to the toe of the face and across the face. If trucks are being used, ore is transported to a pad adjacent to the hopper and then a front end loader is employed to blend the ore, bucket by bucket.

The valuable mineral sands are only a small proportion of the total ore removed from the mining area, being mixed with clays, silts, quartz sand and rock.

Depending on the type of waste material associ ........

Wet concentration is used to produce a high grade heavy mineral concentrate, containing titanium dioxide (rutile, ilmenite) and zircon, as well as other heavy minerals. As part of this process, ore is washed through a series of spiral separators that use gravity to separate the heavy mineral sands from the lighter quartz and clay. Attritioning and secondary concentration is also carried out to assist in upgrading the heavy mineral content of the mined ore.

Iluka’s concentrators vary in size from 200 to 1,200 tonnes per hour. The land-based concentrators are a modular design making them easy to assemble and disassemble to move around a site or to other sites.

Wet concentration produces a high grade heavy mineral concentrate, maximising the content of valuable mineral sand whilst minimising the amount of non valuable mineral (gangue).

The slurry of mineral sands, silts and clays is further screened at a smaller aperture to remove such gangue material as ........