The Efemçukuru gold mine, an intermediate sulfidation epithermal vein deposit, is hosted in the center of a broadly NE-SW trending horst known as the Seferihisar Horst, which regionally exposes basement rocks of the Bornova Flysch in the Menderes Massif.

Local geology consists of intermediate sulfidation veins hosted by a low-grade metamorphic sequence of very fine-grained, black to dark grey shales to phyllite and schist that have been locally folded and intruded by rhyolite dikes. Mineralogy of the phyllites is fine-grained quartz, feldspar, muscovite, chlorite and rare biotite. The mineralogy of the schist is similar to the phyllite, comprising strongly deformed quartz, feldspar, chlorite and muscovite. A calc-silicate alteration, locally termed hornfels, occurs in a broadly NW-trending pattern in the center of the deposit area. The alteration commonly occurs as alternating dark green and tan-grey bands within meta-sedimentary rocks. The contact between calc-silicate alteration and phyllite is gradational. Rhyolite occurs throughout as 1 to 5 m-wide NW-striking dikes. Contacts of the rhyolite dikes with the flysch units are usually sharp.

Two major broadly NW-SE striking epithermal vein systems occur at Efemçukuru, namely Kestane Beleni and Kokarpinar, with strike extents of approximately 2 km and 4 km respectively. Both veins strike north-westerly (320°–340°), dip 60°E to 70°E, and can be traced on surface for strike lengths of over a kilometre. Both veins cut the rhyolite dikes, calc-silicate alteration and unaltered phyllite and schist. At surface, the veins are up to 5m wide and occur as multi-phase, brecciated, banded crustiform-colloform, and massive quartz-rhodochrosite veins. The individual epithermal veins within these vein systems contain multiple ore shoots with zoned mineral and metal distributions and a complex paragenesis.

The 2 km long Kestane Beleni vein hosts the major gold resource and reserve at Efemçukuru and comprises four ore shoots: South Ore Shoot (SOS), Middle Ore Shoot (MOS), North Ore Shoot (NOS) and Kestane Beleni Northwest (KBNW). The Kestane Beleni vein has a distinct mineralogical zonation with the proportions of Mn-silicate and carbonate and sulfide vein material varying across the vein system. Mn-rich vein assemblages are most abundant in the upper portions of the SOS, whereas the sulfide content of the MOS and NOS, particularly at depth, is much higher.

The SOS outcrops for 500 m and dips between 45° to 70° to the northeast. The shoot has a down dip extent of approximately 500 m. The southern half of the shoot consists mostly of a single vein whereas in the central part of the SOS, the vein splays at depth. A second larger splay develops nearer the surface, close to the mid-point of the SOS and continues for approximately 230 m to the north end of the shoot. Where the SOS consists of a single vein, its thickness generally ranges from 3 m to 5 m but can locally reach more than 10 m. Gold mineralization is not generally distributed across the whole vein, but more typically occurs as high grade (> 50 g/t x m) discrete zones within the vein that have a steep northerly dominant plunge and shallow to moderate southerly secondary plunge. Where the vein breaks into splays, the splays are generally narrower, with thicknesses of 1 to 2 m. Additionally, significant stockwork type mineralization is locally present between the vein splays where they cut hornfels. Limited amounts of stockwork mineralization occur where the vein hanging wall consists of phyllite, but are more restricted in size and continuity.

In the MOS area, the Kestane Beleni vein strikes 320° over approximately 230 m and has an average dip of 60° to 65° to the northeast. High grade gold mineralization in the MOS forms a steeply plunging shoot in the central part of the MOS and is hosted entirely within hornfels. The shoot has a narrow surface expression of ~3 m, but expands with depth to more than 20 m. A single splay diverges from the main vein in the central part of the shoot and an extensive zone of stockwork mineralization occurs between the two veins and extends into the hanging wall. The stockwork zone is best developed between 550 m and 600 m elevation with some extensions above and below these elevations, and is traceable along strike for approximately 75 m.

The NOS is separated from the MOS by an inflection that coincides with an additional 25° westward bend in the strike of the Kestane Beleni vein. Here the vein strikes approximately 300° and vein flattens to a 45°dip. The NOS outcrops intermittently for approximately 200 m along this bearing before it pinches out. Another inflection occurs between the NOS and KBNW, with the latter striking nearly east west over a 300 metre strike length before reverting to a 300° strike orientation. KBNW is typically narrower than the other three main shoots (< 3 m) and comprises two vein splays for much of its length.

The majority of the gold is fine-grained (< 30 microns) occurring as free grains in quartz and rhodonite gangue, and within and in contact with pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite, and to a lesser extent in galena. Higher gold grades, however, are not directly related to sulfide abundance. Silver content of the deposit is highly variable. The average silver grade for both the MOS and SOS is low (11.9 and 8.3 g/t), however, parts of the MOS shoot contain silver values in excess of 100 g/t.

Efemçukuru mine employs small-scale underground mechanized mining methods to exploit the narrow, high- grade, subvertical mineralization.

Efemçukuru is an epithermal gold deposit comprising two major veins, Kestane Beleni and Kokarpinar, with Kestane Beleni containing the bulk of the ore. Both veins strike north-westerly (320°–340°), dip 60°E to 70°E, and can be traced on surface for strike lengths of over a kilometre.

The mine design has been developed to allow flexible access to all of the shoots. Four spiral footwall ramps at each orebody provide access for moving men, equipment, and supplies underground. Advantages of the four-ramp system include increased stope availability, more robust ventilation with increased equipment and labour productivity. All declines are interconnected by link drives, which serve as a secondary egress from the mine, spaced vertically 80–100 m apart.

Ore is truck hauled to a central ore pass system above the underground crusher before being conveyed to surface via a 380 m belt conveyor. The orepass system provides 3,500 tonne surge capacity for underground production with a further 5,000 tonne capacity in bins on surface. Waste
rock is hauled to surface via the South 672 Portal or North 656 Portal.

Drift & Fill (DAF) is the primary stoping method used for widths between 2 m and 8 m. This method allows selective recovery of ore within the orebody. LHOS is used where the ground conditions are amenable to large stable spans.

Paste backfill is used as a “free standing” structure to control stability of walls, dilution, and safety for the LHOS. In the DAF stopes, paste backfill is used as the working floor. The paste plant is located near the North 656 Portal.

The present mine plan is based on the combination of the following mining methods:
- Drift-and-fill (DAF).
- Longhole-open-stoping (LHOS), with two different subversions of this mining method:
o Longitudinal longhole-open-stoping (LLHOS).
o Transverse longhole-open-stoping (TLHOS).

The mining method allocations are based on the following:
Drift-and-fill:
- Shallow, weathered areas close to surface where the HW is not stable enough for large spans.
- NOS fold hinge where ground conditions are expected to be less favourable.
- Adjacent to existing DAF mining where LHOS is not practical.

Longitudinal longhole-open-stoping:
- Good ground conditions amenable to large stable spans.
- Deeper areas of the mine.
- Narrow sections of orebody where DAF results in excessive dilution.

Transverse longhole-open-stoping method is applied to recover the MOS sill pillars on the 555 Level and 595 Level.

The current sublevel of 20 m vertical spacing is optimized for DAF mining. The 20-m sublevel is also an appropriate sublevel interval for LHOS given that dilution mitigation is a primary focus for the mine.

Current operations have also established the division of the orebody into independent production
blocks of 80 m in vertical extent, with each production block consisting of four sublevels where
possible.

Both DAF and LHOS stopes are mined concurrently from multiple production blocks to fulfil production requirements. Overall, the production blocks are mined in a top-down sequence, but stopes within a production block are mined bottom-up (overhand).

The current mine layout has the following features:

- Four declines (SOS, MOS, NOS and KBNW), each covering approximately 400 m strike extent.
- Two surface portals (south and north).
- One surface conveyor adit for conveying crushed ore to the surface crushed ore bins.
- Four primary ventilation surface exhausts (south, central, north and northwest) and one fresh air raise for NOS.
- Link drives connect declines and serve as a secondary egress from the mine.

Crushing
The crushing circuit is located in the underground mine. The ore is fed to the jaw crusher from two ROM bins, originally by chain feeder but more recently by gravity. There are gates over the ROM bins to minimize oversized rocks being fed to the crusher. A scalping grizzly removes any fine material of less than 80 mm prior to crushing. The crusher produces a product of 80% passing 90 ~ 100 mm.

Certain sections of the crushing circuit have been revised to improve operational efficiency since the beginning of the operation. In 2014, the chain feeders were removed and isolation gates were installed. The design value of scalping grizzly aperture size was 150 mm. In 2015, the scalping grizzly aperture size was reduced first to 100 mm and then to 80 mm. The scalping magnet was replaced with a stronger unit to reduce tramp material.

The crushing circuit operates at a nominal tonnage of 140 tph with a circuit availability of 80% and a utilization of 37%. The crushed material is transferred to two bins of 4,200 tonne capacity. Material can be directed to either of the two bins by the operator to improve plant blending ability.

Grinding and Classification
The grinding circuit consists of a semi-autogenous mill (SAG), a ball mill (BM) and a pebble crusher (SABC). Fresh mill feed particle size is 80% passing 90 ~ 100 mm. Particle size of cyclone overflow is 80% passing 53 µm. The 5.5 m x 3.0 m grate discharge SAG mill is installed with a 1,500 kW variable speed motor. The SAG mill draws typically an average of 745 kW, corresponding to a motor load of about 50%. Grinding ball top size is 125 mm and the ball charge ranges between 10% and 15%. Particle size of SAG mill discharge is approximately 80% passing 600 µm.

The pebble crusher is a short head cone crusher equipped with 132 kW motor. Pebbles of 100% passing 70 mm are crushed to 80% passing 10~12 mm. The pebble crusher processes approximately 15% of the fresh mill feed in the form of pebbles.

The 3.6 m x 6.0 m overflow ball mill (BM) is installed with a 1,500 kW variable speed motor. The mill draws typically an average of 891 kW, corresponding to a motor load of 59%. The mill operates using grinding ball top size of 40 mm at typically 27% ball charge. Grinding media consumption is approximately 1.04 kg/t in the SAG mill and 1.37 kg/t in the ball mill.

The entire ball mill discharge is treated in a flash flotation cell of 10 m3 volume. Flash flotation tailings and SAG mill discharge are collected in a cyclone feed pumpbox, together with cleaner tail and the tailing from the Knelson/Salter combination and classified in a cyclone cluster. The cyclone cluster was revised in April 2016, by replacing three (2 operating, 1 standby) 381 mm hydrocyclones with
eight (5 operating, 3 standby) 250 mm hydrocyclones with 49 mm apex and 90 mm vortex. The new cyclone cluster gives better control of particle size in the overflow. Particle size of cyclone overflow is approximately 80% passing 54 µm.

The Efemçukuru concentrator has been successfully processing ore from Efemçukuru mine since commissioning in mid-2011. The original process flowsheet was designed to produce gold doré from the gravity concentrate and from the gold-containing sulfide minerals flotation concentrate. However, the gravity concentration circuit was decommissioned in 2017. Production of gravity concentrate has been considerably lower than what was estimated in the feasibility study (expected 30 % recovery) and thus, the process flowsheet was revised in 2018 to produce only flotation concentrate for sale. This had no effect on overall recovery because gravity concentrate was recovered from the flotation concentrate.

The process plant produces a gold-containing bulk sulphide rich flotation concentrate. Major sulfide minerals comprise pyrite, sphalerite and galena. Small percentage of chalcopyrite is also present. Major gangue minerals consist of quartz and manganese minerals.

Optimum prim ........