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Russia
Kupol-Dvoinoye Operation (Dvoinoye Mine, Kupol Mine)

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 Location:
194 km SE from Bilibino, Russia

  Regional Office:
6 Rultytegina Str.
685000 Magadan, 13 Proletarskaya Str.
Anadyr
Russia
689000
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Overview

StageProduction
Mine TypeUnderground
Commodities
  • Gold
  • Silver
Mining Method
  • Transverse stoping
  • Avoca
  • Longitudinal retreat
  • Longitudinal stoping
Processing
  • Gravity separation
  • Counter current decantation (CCD)
  • Agitated tank (VAT) leaching
  • Merrill–Crowe
  • Cyanide (reagent)
Mine Life2024
Underground production was completed at Dvoinoye in November 2020. Stockpiled ore is still processed at the Kupol Mill.


Owners & OPERATOR

Source: p. 36
CompanyInterestOwnership
Kinross Gold Corp. 100 % Indirect
Chukotka Mining and Geological Co. (operator) 100 % Direct
Northern Gold LLC (operator) 100 % Direct
Chukotka Mining and Geological Company (CMGC) is Kinross’ operating entity for Kupol, and Northern Gold LLC is Kinross’ operating entity for Dvoinoye.

Deposit Type

  • Epithermal
  • Breccia pipe / Stockwork
  • Vein / narrow vein


Summary:

The Kupol and Dvoinoye orebodies are both high grade gold-silver vein deposits, and both are currently underground mining operations.

The Kupol deposit is located in the 3,000 km long Cretaceous Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenic belt. This belt is interpreted to be an Andean volcanic arc type tectonic setting, with the Mesozoic Anui sedimentary fold belt in a back-arc setting to the northwest of the Kupol region. Russian 1:200,000 scale mapping indicates that the Kupol deposit area is centred within a 10 km wide caldera, along the northwestern margins of the 100 km wide Mechkerevskaya volcano-tectonic “depression”, an Upper Cretaceous bimodal nested volcanic complex. The volcanic succession in the area is 1,300 m thick and consists of a lower sequence of felsic tuffs and ignimbrites, a middle sequence of andesite to andesite-basalt flows and fragmentals capped by felsic tuffs and flows.

The property is underlain by shallow eastward dipping andesite lithic tuffs, feldspar hornblende porphyry andesite, and andesite-basalt (trachytic andesite) flows. The andesitic volcanic units are intruded by massive to weakly banded rhyolite dykes, rhyolite and dacite flow-dome complexes, and basalt dykes. The main deposit strikes north-south and has been divided into six contiguous zones. From north to south these are: North Extension, North, Central, Big Bend, South, and South Extension.

The Kupol deposit is considered to be an example of a low-sulphidation epithermal deposit. Low-sulphidation epithermal deposits are high-level hydrothermal systems, which vary in crustal depths from depths of about 1 km to surficial hot spring settings. Host rocks are extremely variable, ranging from volcanic rocks to sediments. Calc alkaline andesitic compositions predominate as volcanic rock hosts, but deposits can also occur in areas with bimodal volcanism and extensive subaerial ashflow deposits. A third, less common association is with alkalic intrusive rocks and shoshonitic volcanics. Clastic and epiclastic sediments in intra-volcanic basins and structural depressions are the primary non-volcanic host rocks.

Mineralization in the near surface environment takes place in hot spring systems, or the slightly deeper underlying hydrothermal conduits. At greater crustal depth, mineralization can occur above, or peripheral to, porphyry (and possibly skarn) mineralization. Normal faults, margins of grabens, coarse clastic caldera moat-fill units, radial and ring dyke fracture sets, and hydrothermal and tectonic breccias can act as mineralized-fluid channelling structures. Throughgoing, branching, bifurcating, anastomosing and intersecting fracture systems are commonly mineralized. Mineralization forms where dilatational openings and cymoid loops develop, typically where the strike or dip of veins change. Hanging wall fractures in mineralized structures are particularly favourable for high-grade mineralization.

The mineralization typically includes pyrite, electrum, gold, silver, and argentite. Other minerals can include chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, and silver sulphosalt and/or selenide minerals. In alkalic host rocks, tellurides, roscoelite and fluorite may be abundant, with lesser molybdenite as an accessory mineral.

The Dvoinoye gold-silver deposit is located within the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanic Belt (OCVB), an Andean-type continental margin magmatic arc that extends southwest from the Chukotka Peninsula along the East Asian coastline. The OCVB has four distinct segments: two roughly northwest trending segments separated by a longer northeast trending zone and a shorter northeast zone at the far southwest end.

Host rocks at Dvoinoye are Late Cretaceous intermediate-felsic volcanics of the Tytylveyem Suite, which is divided into three units. At Zone 37, the host rock is assigned to the lower unit of the Tytylveyem Suite. The main host rock here is porphyritic dacite lava, containing 20% to 30% phenocrysts (plagioclase, pyroxene and potassium feldspar), in a siliceous aphanitic matrix. Other components of the local geology include crosscutting pyritic hydrothermal breccias that may mainly affect the tuff units. Their distribution and geometry are unclear but at least part of the Zone 37 vein is hosted by narrow siliceous pyritic milled breccias that may be related to larger volume hydrothermal breccias.

The Dvoinoye veins are close to the northern margin of the Ilirney granitic massif. As a result, there is substantial development of dykes, sills, and plugs of generally granitic composition.

Dvoinoye is a low sulphidation epithermal gold-silver vein deposit. The principal vein at Dvoinoye strikes at 040° over a length of at least 800 m. Ore zone width ranges from a few metres to more than 30 m in the central shoot. The vein has been drilled over a vertical extent of about 350 m (including sills). The vein system has a steep to subvertical dip to the southeast. There is evidence that at depth the vein system may shallow in dip, from subvertical to about 70°. There are two main thick quartz veins, within a variably wide envelope of narrower veins and veinlets (stockwork zone). The central shoot represents a blowout in width where the shoot may have a pipe-like form. The bulk of the gold is in the central shoot. At depth and at the southwestern end, the mineralization forms a series of sub-parallel veins, rather than one or two wide veins. Late to post vein block faults probably disrupt vein continuity along strike, especially to the northeast where the fault-bounded granite intrusion is developed.

Mineralization is characterized by low total sulphide content, generally less than one percent, by variable but low gold:silver ratios (average 1:1), and by the presence of considerable free gold in parts of the deposit. The main ore minerals and related sulphides in the vein are native gold, freibergite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite, with minor acanthite. Ore minerals are generally fine-grained. Gold occurs inter-grown with sulphides, free in quartz-illite aggregates, and in places as rare dendritic growth bands.

A wide variety of vein and mineralization textures are recognized, including massive vein, colloform-crustiform banded vein, breccia, and veinlet/stockwork zones. The vein mineralogy consists of quartz-chalcedony (80% to 90%), adularia (5% to 7%), carbonate (up to 5%), illite, and chlorite. The main vein displays a lateral and vertical zonation in mineralization and alteration assemblages, reflecting the evolution of the system spatially and over time. Four styles of gold mineralization have been identified: pink quartz gold; carbonate-base metal gold; chalcedony-ginguro gold silver; and green quartz breccia.


Mining Methods

  • Transverse stoping
  • Avoca
  • Longitudinal retreat
  • Longitudinal stoping


Summary:

The Kupol deposit is mined by an underground mining method, long hole longitudinal retreat sublevel open stoping, also known as the Avoca method. Sills are driven on 15-metre (sublevel) spacing approximately 4.5 metres high. Longhole stopes (panels) are drilled using parallel or fan drill holes between the sublevels (approximately 11 metres). Backfill is an integral part of the production cycle of the mining method.

Dvoinoye underground mining operations have used two different mining methods, transverse longhole stoping and longitudinal longhole stoping. Transverse longhole stoping has accounted for more than 90% of the historical production, but the remaining reserves will predominantly be extracted using longitudinal longhole stoping.


Crushing and Grinding
Crusher / Mill TypeModelSizePowerQuantity
Jaw crusher 1
SAG mill ....................... Subscription required 7m x 3m 1
Ball mill ....................... Subscription required 5.03m x 9.29m 1


Processing

  • Gravity separation
  • Counter current decantation (CCD)
  • Agitated tank (VAT) leaching
  • Merrill–Crowe
  • Cyanide (reagent)

Flow Sheet: Subscription required

Summary:

The Kupol processing plant also processes ore from Dvoinoye. The ores from the two sites are processed in batches, with Dvoinoye ore typically being processed at the start of each month.

The milling process consists of primary crushing and a semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill / ball mill grinding circuit, and includes conventional gravity technology followed by whole ore leaching. Merrill-Crowe precipitation is used to produce gold and silver doré bars. Countercurrent decantation (CCD) wash thickeners recover soluble gold and silver, and a cyanide destruction system is used to reduce cyanide concentrations to an acceptable level for disposal. The tailings flow by gravity through a pipeline to a conventional tailings impoundment. Doré bars are shipped to the non ferrous metals plant in Krasnoyarsk. Average mill recovery, based on both Kupol and Dvoinoye ore, is 95% for gold and 85% for silver. The mill availability is 94%.

The mill is designed to process ore on ........

Recoveries & Grades:

CommodityParameter201920182017201620152014
Silver Recovery Rate, %  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required84.887.886.785.1
Silver Head Grade, g/t  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required81.1103.38100.7592.9

Production:

CommodityUnits2019201820172016201520142013
Silver koz  ......  Subscription required3,3063,8794,9094,7004,2735,000
Gold Equivalent oz  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required
All production numbers are expressed as metal in doré.
Subscription required - Subscription is required.

Operational Metrics:

Metrics201920182017201620152014
Ore tonnes mined  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required1,915 kt2,002 kt1,897 kt1,742 kt
Daily milling capacity  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required4,500 t4,500 t
Annual milling capacity  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required1,642,500 t1,642,500 t
Tonnes processed  ......  Subscription required  ......  Subscription required1,733 kt1,710 kt1,680 kt1,665 kt
Subscription required - Subscription is required.

Reserves at December 31, 2019:

CategoryTonnage CommodityGradeContained Metal
Proven 2,346 kt Gold 6.1 g/t 459 koz
Proven 2,346 kt Silver 33.3 g/t 2,509 koz
Probable 4,529 kt Gold 8.4 g/t 1,230 koz
Probable 4,529 kt Silver 95.6 g/t 13,917 koz
Proven & Probable 6,875 kt Gold 7.6 g/t 1,689 koz
Proven & Probable 6,875 kt Silver 74.3 g/t 16,426 koz
Measured 265 kt Gold 9.7 g/t 83 koz
Measured 265 kt Silver 133.1 g/t 1,136 koz
Indicated 88,758 kt Gold 1.5 g/t 4,336 koz
Indicated 1,719 kt Silver 100.2 g/t 5,539 koz
Measured & Indicated 89,023 kt Gold 1.5 g/t 4,419 koz
Measured & Indicated 1,984 kt Silver 104.6 g/t 6,675 koz
Inferred 4,086 kt Gold 4.6 g/t 611 koz
Inferred 1,569 kt Silver 131.8 g/t 6,652 koz

Commodity Production Costs:

CommodityUnits201920182017201620152014
Cash costs (sold) Gold Equivalent USD  ......  Subscription required 552 / oz 521 / oz 441 / oz 474 / oz 507 / oz
Subscription required - Subscription is required.

Financials:

Units201920182017201620152014
Capital expenditures M USD  ......  Subscription required63.4  54.3   88.8   55.9   91.3  
Revenue M USD  ......  Subscription required627.7  726.9   919.2   883.2   947.5  
Operating Income M USD  ......  Subscription required187.2  225   345.3   150.1   282.8  
Gross profit M USD  ......  Subscription required206  241.8   358.1   164.4   312.3  
Subscription required - Subscription is required


Heavy Mobile Equipment as of March 31, 2015:
HME TypeModelSizeQuantity
Cable bolter ....................... Subscription required 2
Dozer (crawler) ....................... Subscription required 2
Drill ....................... Subscription required 2
Drill ....................... Subscription required 1
Drill ....................... Subscription required 5
Drill ....................... Subscription required 6
Drill (long hole) ....................... Subscription required 4
Drill jumbo (two boom) ....................... Subscription required 3
Excavator ....................... Subscription required 1
Loader ....................... Subscription required 2
Loader ....................... Subscription required 5
Loader ....................... Subscription required 7
Loader ....................... Subscription required 3
Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) ....................... Subscription required 1
Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) ....................... Subscription required 1
Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) ....................... Subscription required 5
Rock bolter ....................... Subscription required 7
Truck (haul) ....................... Subscription required 40 t 15
Truck (haul) ....................... Subscription required 20 t 3
Truck (underground) ....................... Subscription required 4
Truck (underground) ....................... Subscription required 2
Truck (underground) ....................... Subscription required 13
Subscription required - Subscription is required.

Mine Management:

Job TitleNameProfileRef. Date
....................... Subscription required ....................... Subscription required Subscription required Feb 8, 2021
....................... Subscription required ....................... Subscription required Subscription required Feb 8, 2021
....................... Subscription required ....................... Subscription required Subscription required Feb 8, 2021
....................... Subscription required ....................... Subscription required Subscription required Feb 8, 2021
....................... Subscription required ....................... Subscription required Subscription required Feb 19, 2020
Subscription required - Subscription is required.


Corporate Filings & Presentations:

DocumentYear
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2020
................................... Subscription required 2019
................................... Subscription required 2019
................................... Subscription required 2019
................................... Subscription required 2019
................................... Subscription required 2019
Annual Information Form 2018
Financial Review 2018
Management Discussion & Analysis 2018
Press Release 2018
Year-end Mineral Reserves 2018
Annual Information Form 2017
Financial Review 2017
Management Discussion & Analysis 2017
Press Release 2017
Year-end Mineral Reserves 2017
Annual Information Form 2016
Annual Report 2016
Press Release 2015
Technical Report 2015
Annual Report 2014
Subscription required - Subscription is required.

Aerial view:

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