Summary:
The Yauricocha Mine features several mineralized bodies, which have been emplaced along structural trends, with the mineralization itself related to replacement of limestones by hydrothermal fluids related to nearby intrusions. The mineralization varies widely in morphology, from large, relatively wide, tabular manto-style deposits to narrow, sub-vertical chimneys. The mineralization features economic grades of Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn, with local Au to a lesser degree. The majority of the deposits are related to the regional high-angle NW-trending Yauricocha fault or the NE-trending and less well-defined Cachi-Cachi structural trend. The mineralization generally presents as polymetallic sulfides but is locally oxidized to significant depths or related to more Cu-rich bodies.
Formations significant to the Yauricocha Mine include the oldest rocks of the lower Cretaceous Goyllarisquizga arenites; the mid-Cretaceous limestones of the Jumasha Formation; the CelendÃn Formation which concordantly overlies the Jumasha Formation and contains finely stratified silicic lutites with intercalations of recrystallized limestone; the Casapalca red beds lay concordantly on the CelendÃn Formation with a gradational contact; and Miocene age intrusions with an average age of about 6.9 Ma.
All of the intrusions have produced metamorphic aureoles in the surrounding rocks. The extent, type, and grade of metamorphism vary greatly with the type of rock intruded. The rocks have been altered to quartzites, hornfelsed lutites, and recrystallized limestones. Locally, the intrusions have produced narrow zones of skarn of variable width. These skarn zones contain epidote, zoisite, tremolite, wollastonite, phlogopite, garnet, chlorite and diopside.
Goyllarisquizga Formation
The oldest rocks exposed in the area are the lower Cretaceous Goyllarisquizga arenites. This formation is approximately 300 m thick and comprises thick gray and white arenites, locally banded with carbonaceous lutites as well as small mantos of low-quality coal beds and clay. In the vicinity of Chaucha, these arenites have near their base interbedded, red lutite. The arenites crop out in the cores of the anticlines southwest of Yauricocha, as beds dispersed along the Chacras uplift, and isolated outcrops in the Éxito zone.
Jumasha Formation
The mid-Cretaceous Jumasha Formation consists of massive gray limestone, averages 700 m thick, and concordantly overlies the Goyllarisquizga Formation. Intercalations of carbonaceous lutites occur at its base near the contact with the arenites. These layers are succeeded by discontinuous lenses of maroon and grey limestone, occasionally with horizons of lutite and chert about 6 m thick. Also present are pseudo-breccias of probable sedimentary origin and a basaltic sill.
CelendÃn Formation
The CelendÃn Formation concordantly overlies the Jumasha Formation and contains finely stratified silicic lutites with intercalations of recrystallized limestone of Santoniana age as well as the France Chert. The average thickness in the Yauricocha area is 400 m.
Casapalca Red Beds
The Casapalca red beds lay concordantly on the CelendÃn Formation with a gradational contact. It has been assigned an age between upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary, but because of the absence of fossils its age cannot be precisely determined. It is composed primarily of calcareous red lutites, pure limestones, and reddish arenaceous limestone. Lava flows and tuffaceous beds have been occasionally reported.
Mineralization at the Yauricocha Mine is represented by variably oxidized portions of a multiplephase polymetallic system with at least two stages of mineralization, demonstrated by sulfide veins cutting brecciated polymetallic sulfide mineralized bodies. The mineralized bodies and quartzsulfide veins appear to be intimately related and form a very important structural/mineralogical assemblage in the Yauricocha mineral deposit. Comments made herein regarding the characteristics of the Yauricocha district apply directly to the Yauricocha Mine.
Yauricocha mineralization is associated with the Triada (Cu-Mo) porphyry, with a diameter of about 900 m, is located about 300 m East of the Central Mine, on the East side of the Yauricocha Fault. There are several types of intrusions, such as granodiorites, quartz monzodiorites, and monzodiorites with phaneritic and porphyritic textures. Structurally, there are network and stockwork zones with an N110° direction, as well as an E-W direction, with 65° dips to the SE. The most relevant hydrothermal alteration is the intermediate argillic type, which is widely distributed, with clay minerals, illite, kaolin and smectite; phyllic alteration is restricted to fracture zones and quartz veinlets with halos of clays and sericite. Extensive chloritization with disseminated pyrite coexists at the margins.
Mineralization in the Yauricocha district is spatially and genetically related to the Yauricocha stock, a composite intrusive body of granodioritic to quartz monzonitic composition that has been radiometrically dated at late Miocene (approximately 7.5 million years old) (Giletti and Day, 1968). The stock intrudes tightly folded beds of the late Cretaceous Jumasha and CelendÃn Formations and the overlying Casapalca Formation (latest Cretaceous and Paleocene). Mineralized bodies are dominantly high-temperature polymetallic sulfide bodies that replaced limestone. Metal-bearing solutions of the Yauricocha magmatic-hydrothermal system were highly reactive and intensely attacked the carbonate wall rock of the Jumasha and CelendÃn Formations, producing the channels in which sulfides were deposited.
The mineralized zones at Yauricocha are partially to completely oxidized and extend from the surface to below level 1220. Supergene enrichment is closely related to oxidation distribution. Supergene covellite, chalcocite and digenite are found where the sulphide minerals are in contact with oxidized areas.
Mineralization at Yauricocha very closely resembles that typified by polymetallic Ag-Au deposits, which comprise quartz-sulphide-carbonate fissure vein equivalents of quartz-sulphide and carbonate- base metal deposits. These deposits are best developed in Central and South America, where they have been mined since Inca times as important Ag sources. Quartz and pyrite of the quartz-sulphide Au +/- Cu mineralization suite typically occur early in the paragenetic sequence; carbonate-hosted mineralization and some polymetallic Ag-Au veins evolved at a later stage. Predominant controls on mineralization are structural, where dilatational structures, voids resulting from wall rock dissolution, and/or rheologic dissimilarities at contacts between units serve as enhanced fluid pathways for mineralizing solutions.