Summary:
The Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold porphyry deposits are situated in a poorly exposed inlier of Devonian mafic to intermediate volcanic, volcaniclastic, and sedimentary rocks that have been intruded by Devonian to Permian felsic plutons. These rocks are unconformably overlain by poorly consolidated Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and younger unconsolidated sedimentary deposits.
Oyu Tolgoi consists of Oyut, Hugo Dummett (Hugo South and Hugo North) and Heruga deposits. The
Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold deposits currently comprise, from north to south:
• Hugo North – The Hugo Dummett Deposit north the 110 Fault.
• Hugo South - The Hugo Dummett Deposit south the 110 Fault.
• Oyut - The Oyut Deposit includes the Southwest Oyu, South Oyu, Wedge, Central Oyu,
Bridge, Western, and Far South zones.
• Heruga – is within the area governed by the arrangements between Oyu Tolgoi LLC and
Entrée LLC except for a small northern portion that lies within the Oyu Tolgoi.
Hugo Dummett deposits
The Hugo Dummett deposits, Hugo North and Hugo South, contain porphyry-style mineralization associated with quartz-monzodiorite intrusions, concealed beneath a sequence of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The deposits are highly elongated to the north northeast and extend over 3 km. The Hugo North zone is virtually contiguous with the Hugo South zone and lie within a similar geological setting. The two deposits are separated by a 110°-striking, 45° to 55° north-dipping fault that displaces Hugo North vertically down a modest distance from Hugo South. The dividing line between the two deposits is approximately 4766300 N, a location marked by the thinning and locally discontinuous nature of the high-grade copper mineralization (defined by greater than 2% copper). The east-striking 110° Fault for the projections of the major faults in the area of the Hugo Dummett deposits), delineates the gold- and copper-rich zone hosted in augite basalt and quartz?monzodiorite of the Hugo North deposit from the more southerly, goldpoor, ignimbrite- and augite basalt-hosted mineralization at Hugo South.
Oyut deposit
The Oyut deposit includes the most mineralized domain called Southwest Oyu (Southwest), but also includes South Oyu (South), Wedge, and Central Oyu (Central) domain and several smaller, fault-bounded zones. The open pit incorporates most of these domains. They form contiguous sectors of mineralization representing multiple mineralizing centres, each with distinct styles of mineralization, alteration, and host rock lithology. The boundaries between the individual zones coincide with major faults. Faulting has resulted in different erosional histories for the zones, depending on the depth to which a zone has been downfaulted or uplifted relative to neighbouring zones.
The Southwest Oyu zone is a gold-rich porphyry system characterized by a south-west–plunging, pipe-like geometry that has a vertical extent of as much as 700 m. The high-grade core of the zone is about 250 m diameter; the low-grade shell (0.3% Cu) surrounding the core may extend for distances as much as 600 m by 2 km.
The Central zone is about 2,300 m wide and tapers from about 200 m long in the east to more than 600 m to the west (Figure 7.6). Mineralization extends to depths of over 500 m. The Central zone is hosted within a swarm of feldspar-phyric quartz-monzodiorite intrusions, emplaced into porphyritic augite basalt and overlying basaltic tuff of the Alagbayan Group. The basaltic tuff is in turn overlain by unmineralized sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks of the Alagbayan Group unit DA4, which dip moderately to the east (30–60°).
The South Oyu zone is developed mainly in basaltic volcanics and related to small, stronglysericite altered quartz–monzodiorite dykes. Zone dimensions are about 400 m by 300 m in area, and mineralization extends to depths of more than 500 m.
Heruga
The Heruga deposit is the most southerly of the currently known deposits at Oyu Tolgoi. The deposit is a copper–gold–molybdenum porphyry deposit and is zoned with a molybdenum-rich carapace at higher elevations overlying gold-rich mineralization at depth. The top of the mineralization starts 500–600 m below the present ground surface.
Porphyry copper mineralization occurs in a distinctive sequence of quartz-bearing veinlets as well as in disseminated forms in the altered rock between them. Magmatic-hydrothermal breccias may form during porphyry intrusion, with some breccias containing high-grade mineralization because of their intrinsic permeability. In contrast, most phreatomagmatic breccias, constituting maar-diatreme systems, are poorly mineralized at both the porphyry copper and lithocap levels, mainly because many such phreatomagmatic breccias formed late in the evolution of systems, and the explosive nature of their emplacement fails to trap mineralizing solutions.
Alteration zones in porphyry copper deposits are typically classified based on mineral assemblages. In silicate-rich rocks, the most common alteration minerals are potassium (K) - feldspar, biotite, muscovite (sericite), albite, anhydrite, chlorite, calcite, epidote, and kaolinite. In silicate-rich rocks that have been altered to advanced argillic assemblages, the most common minerals are quartz, alunite, pyrophyllite, dickite, diaspore, and zunyite. In carbonate rocks, the most common minerals are garnet, pyroxene, epidote, quartz, actinolite, chlorite, biotite, calcite, dolomite, K-feldspar, and wollastonite. Other alteration minerals commonly found in porphyry copper deposits are tourmaline, andalusite, and actinolite. Figure 8.2 shows the typical alteration assemblage of a porphyry copper system.
Summary:
Mine haul trucks currently dump ore from the Oyut open pit directly to the dump pocket of the primary gyratory crusher. Crushed ore is then conveyed approximately 2.7 km to a coarse ore stockpile at the plant site. Crushed ore from Hugo North will initially be trucked from the Shafts (Shafts 1 and 2) to the open pit crusher and then to the coarse ore stockpile. As underground production increases, a conveyor will be commissioned from the Shaft 2 headframe ore bin to the existing overland conveyor which feeds the existing coarse ore stockpile. When the underground incline conveyor to surface is commissioned, ore from the incline conveyor will discharge to a new conveyor running parallel to the open pit overland conveyor. Both overland conveyors will discharge to the coarse ore stockpile. Ore from the open pit will continue to be trucked to the surface crusher and transferred to the coarse ore stockpile via the existing overland conveyor.
Ore reclaimed from the course ore stockpile is currently fed to two comminution lines, each consisting of a SAG mill, two parallel ball mills, and associated downstream equipment. Cyclone overflow from the circuit at a P80 of 140–180 µm reports to the rougher flotation cells. The Phase 2 modifications include the installation of a fifth ball mill and associated equipment. The parameters used to determine the design parameters of the Phase 2 comminution circuit have been determined by various testwork programs.
The typical ball load in the SAG mills is 15% to 18% by volume. The total mill loading is 28% and the rotational speed is 75% to 80% of critical speed. The SAG mill product has a top size of 85 mm, which discharges from the mill through a trommel screen with 9 mm openings. The oversize is screened and washed over a vibrating screen and reports to the pebble crusher circuit. Between 10% to 20% of the feed circulates from the SAG mills to the pebble crushers, depending on ore type and grate condition.
Undersize from the trommel screen and vibrating screen is combined and transferred to the ball mill feed distributors at an expected P80 of 2,400 µm. The washed pebbles are conveyed to a surge bin ahead of three cone crushers. Self-cleaning electromagnets on the conveying system protect the cone crushers from tramp metal and crushed pebbles are transferred to a surge bin before being fed proportionately to the SAG mill feed conveyors via belt feeders.
As part of the concentrator modifications, a new duty and standby pump will be installed at each SAG mill pump box to transfer slurry to the new ball mill discharge pump box. The new ball mill will operate in parallel with the four existing ball mills. The mills are charged with 65 mm forged steel balls, and typically operate with 33% ball charge volumes.
A variable-speed pump, installed at each ball mill discharge box, feeds a cluster of eight by 800 mm diameter Cavex cyclones. The projected cyclone overflow will contain 33% solids w/w at a target P80 of 140 µm to 160 µm.